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Linux Foundation KCSA Exam Syllabus Topics:

Topic	Details
Topic 1	Kubernetes Security Fundamentals: This section of the exam measures the skills of a Kubernetes Administrator and covers the primary security mechanisms within Kubernetes. This includes implementing pod security standards and admissions, configuring robust authentication and authorization systems like RBAC, managing secrets properly, and using network policies and audit logging to enforce isolation and monitor cluster activity.
Topic 2	Overview of Cloud Native Security: This section of the exam measures the skills of a Cloud Security Architect and covers the foundational security principles of cloud-native environments. It includes an understanding of the 4Cs security model, the shared responsibility model for cloud infrastructure, common security controls and compliance frameworks, and techniques for isolating resources and securing artifacts like container images and application code.
Topic 3	Kubernetes Threat Model: This section of the exam measures the skills of a Cloud Security Architect and involves identifying and mitigating potential threats to a Kubernetes cluster. It requires understanding common attack vectors like privilege escalation, denial of service, malicious code execution, and network-based attacks, as well as strategies to protect sensitive data and prevent an attacker from gaining persistence within the environment.
Topic 4	Compliance and Security Frameworks: This section of the exam measures the skills of a Compliance Officer and focuses on applying formal structures to ensure security and meet regulatory demands. It covers working with industry-standard compliance and threat modeling frameworks, understanding supply chain security requirements, and utilizing automation tools to maintain and prove an organization's security posture.
Topic 5	Kubernetes Cluster Component Security: This section of the exam measures the skills of a Kubernetes Administrator and focuses on securing the core components that make up a Kubernetes cluster. It encompasses the security configuration and potential vulnerabilities of essential parts such as the API server, etcd, kubelet, container runtime, and networking elements, ensuring each component is hardened against attacks.

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Linux Foundation Kubernetes and Cloud Native Security Associate Sample Questions (Q51-Q56):

NEW QUESTION # 51
Is it possible to restrict permissions so that a controller can only change the image of a deployment (without changing anything else about it, e.g., environment variables, commands, replicas, secrets)?

A. Yes, with a 'managed fields' annotation.
B. No, because granting access to the spec.containers.image field always grants access to the rest of the spec object.
C. Yes, by granting permission to the /image subresource.
D. Not with RBAC, but it is possible with an admission webhook.

Answer: D

Explanation:
* RBAC in Kubernetesis coarse-grained: it controlsverbs(get, update, patch, delete) onresources(e.g., deployments), butnot individual fieldswithin a resource.
* There isno /image subresource for deployments(there is one for pods but only for ephemeral containers).
* Therefore,RBAC cannot restrict changes only to the image field.
* Admission Webhooks(mutating/validating)canenforce fine-grained policies (e.g., deny updates that change anything other than spec.containers[*].image).
* Exact extract (Kubernetes Docs - Admission Webhooks):
* "Admission webhooks can be used to enforce custom policies on objects being admitted." References:
Kubernetes Docs - RBAC: https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/rbac/ Kubernetes Docs - Admission Webhooks: https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz
/extensible-admission-controllers/

NEW QUESTION # 52
Which of the following statements is true concerning the use ofmicroVMsover user-space kernel implementations for advanced container sandboxing?

A. MicroVMs offer lower isolation and security compared to user-space kernel implementations.
B. MicroVMs allow for easier container management and orchestration than user-space kernel implementation.
C. MicroVMs provide reduced application compatibility and higher per-system call overhead than user- space kernel implementations.
D. MicroVMs offer higher isolation than user-space kernel implementations at the cost of a higher per- instance memory footprint.

Answer: D

Explanation:
* MicroVM-based runtimes(e.g., Firecracker, Kata Containers) use lightweight VMs to provide strong isolation between workloads.
* Compared touser-space kernel implementations(e.g., gVisor), microVMs generally:
* Offerhigher isolation and security(due to VM-level separation).
* Come with ahigher memory and resource overhead per instancethan user-space approaches.
* Incorrect options:
* (A) Orchestration is handled by Kubernetes, not inherently easier with microVMs.
* (C) Compatibility is typically better with microVMs, not worse.
* (D) Isolation is stronger, not weaker.
References:
CNCF Security Whitepaper - Workload isolation: microVMs vs. user-space kernel sandboxes.
Kata Containers Project - isolation trade-offs.

NEW QUESTION # 53
Which step would give an attacker a foothold in a cluster butno long-term persistence?

A. Modify file on host filesystem.
B. Modify Kubernetes objects stored within etcd.
C. Create restarting container on host using Docker.
D. Starting a process in a running container.

Answer: D

Explanation:
* Starting a process in a running containerprovides an attacker withtemporary execution (foothold) inside the cluster, but once the container is stopped or restarted, that malicious process is lost. This means the attacker has nolong-term persistence.
* Incorrect options:
* (A) Modifying objects inetcdgrants persistent access since cluster state is stored in etcd.
* (B) Modifying files on thehost filesystemcan create persistence across reboots or container restarts.
* (D) Creating a restarting container directly on the host via Docker bypasses Kubernetes but persists across pod restarts if Docker restarts it.
References:
CNCF Security Whitepaper - Threat Modeling section: Describes howephemeral processes inside containersprovide attackers short-term control but not durable persistence.
Kubernetes Documentation - Cluster Threat Model emphasizes ephemeral vs. persistent attacker footholds.

NEW QUESTION # 54
What mechanism can I use to block unsigned images from running in my cluster?

A. Enabling Admission Controllers to validate image signatures.
B. Using Pod Security Standards (PSS) to enforce validation of signatures.
C. Configuring Container Runtime Interface (CRI) to enforce image signing and validation.
D. Using PodSecurityPolicy (PSP) to enforce image signing and validation.

Answer: A

Explanation:
* KubernetesAdmission Controllers(particularlyValidatingAdmissionWebhooks) can be used to enforce policies that validate image signatures.
* This is commonly implemented withtools like Sigstore/cosign, Kyverno, or OPA Gatekeeper.
* PodSecurityPolicy (PSP):deprecated and never supported image signature validation.
* Pod Security Standards (PSS):only apply to pod security fields (privilege, users, host access), not image signatures.
* CRI:while runtimes (containerd, CRI-O) may integrate with signature verification tools, enforcement in Kubernetes is generally done viaAdmission Controllersat the API layer.
Exact extract (Admission Controllers docs):
* "Admission webhooks can be used to enforce custom policies on the objects being admitted." (e.g., validating signatures).
References:
Kubernetes Docs - Admission Controllers: https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz
/admission-controllers/
Sigstore Project (cosign): https://sigstore.dev/
Kyverno ImageVerify Policy: https://kyverno.io/policies/pod-security/require-image-verification/

NEW QUESTION # 55
A cluster is failing to pull more recent versions of images from k8s.gcr.io. Why may this be?

A. The authentication credentials for accessing k8s.gcr.io are incorrectly scoped.
B. There is a network connectivity issue between the cluster and k8s.gcr.io.
C. There is a bug in the container runtime or the image pull process.
D. The container image registry k8s.gcr.io has been deprecated.

Answer: D

Explanation:
* k8s.gcr.iowas the historic Kubernetes image registry.
* It has beendeprecatedand replaced withregistry.k8s.io.
* Exact extract (Kubernetes Blog):
* "The k8s.gcr.io image registry will be frozen from April 3, 2023 and fully deprecated. All Kubernetes project images are now served from registry.k8s.io."
* Pulling newer versions from k8s.gcr.io fails because the registry no longer receives updates.
References:
Kubernetes Blog - Image Registry Update: https://kubernetes.io/blog/2023/02/06/k8s-gcr-io-freeze- announcement/

NEW QUESTION # 56
......

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KCSA New Dumps Files & KCSA New Braindumps Sheet

Linux Foundation KCSA Exam Syllabus Topics:

Linux Foundation KCSA New Braindumps Sheet - KCSA Latest Exam Experience

Linux Foundation Kubernetes and Cloud Native Security Associate Sample Questions (Q51-Q56):

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